Pearson Correlation test, 47–49, 227

Pearson kurtosis index, 122

percentile, 120

perfect predictor problem, 267–268

perfect separation, 267–268

periodicity, 83

PH (proportional hazards regression), 330–331, 333–334

pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, 280–282

pi (Π), 27–28

pie charts, 113

pilot study, 230

placebo, 66–67, 171, 187–188

placebo effect, 66, 187–188

plain text format, 16, 24

platykurtic distribution, 122

Plummer, Walton D. (biostatistician), 60

pointytopped distribution,

114

poisson distribution, 36, 355

poisson regression

definition of, 12, 210

using, 271–278

polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 184

populations, 33–37, 175

positive predictive value (PPV), 187

positively skewed data, 121

posthoc tests,

143, 152–157

potential confounding variables, 64

Power and Sample Size Calculation (PS)

for chisquare and Fisher exact tests,

171–172

definition of, 60

for survival comparisons, 324–325

power calculations, 47, 171–172, 361, 365

powers, 20–21, 41, 44, 45–47, 206

PPV (positive predictive value), 187